preprint

Inserted: 2 apr 2026

Year: 2023

Abstract:

We give a Morse-theoretic characterization of simple closed geodesics on Riemannian $2$-spheres. On any Riemannian $2$-sphere endowed with a generic metric, we show there exists a simple closed geodesic with Morse index $1$, $2$ and $3$. In particular, for an orientable Riemannian surface we prove strong Morse inequalities for the length functional applied to the space of simple closed curves.