Accepted Paper

Inserted: 23 sep 2015
Last Updated: 5 dec 2018

Journal: Transactions of the American Math Society, Series B.
Year: 2015

Abstract:

Given a manifold $M$ and a proper sub-bundle $\Delta\subset TM$, we study homotopy properties of the \emph{horizontal} base-point free loop space $\Lambda$, i.e. the space of absolutely continuous maps $\gamma:S^1\to M$ whose velocities are constrained to $\Delta$ (for example: legendrian knots in a contact manifold).

A key technical ingredient for our study is the proof that the base-point map $F:\Lambda \to M$ (the map associating to every loop its base-point) is a Hurewicz fibration for the $W^{1,2}$ topology on $\Lambda$. Using this result we show that, even if the space $\Lambda$ might have deep singularities (for example: constant loops form a singular manifold homeomorphic to $M$), its homotopy can be controlled nicely. In particular we prove that $\Lambda$ (with the $W^{1,2}$ topology) has the homotopy type of a CW-complex, that its inclusion in the standard base-point free loop space (i.e. the space of loops with no non-holonomic constraint) is a homotopy equivalence, and consequently its homotopy groups can be computed as $\pi_k(\Lambda)\simeq \pi_k(M) \ltimes \pi_{k+1}(M)$ for all $k\geq 0.$

These topological results are applied, in the second part of the paper, to the problem of the existence of \emph{closed} sub-riemannian geodesics. In the general case we prove that if $(M, \Delta)$ is a compact sub-riemannian manifold, each non trivial homotopy class in $\pi_1(M)$ can be represented by a closed sub-riemannian geodesic.

In the \emph{contact} case, we prove a min-max result generalizing the celebrated Lyusternik-Fet theorem: if $(M, \Delta)$ is a compact, contact manifold, then every sub-riemannian metric on $\Delta$ carries at least one closed sub-riemannian geodesic. This result is based on a combination of the above topological results with a delicate study of the Palais-Smale condition in the vicinity of \emph{abnormal} loops (singular points of $\Lambda$).

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