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<P class=MsoTitle style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" align=center><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"><STRONG><U>Colloqui
Classe di Scienze<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns =
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></U></STRONG></SPAN></P>
<H2 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt" align=center><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes"></SPAN> </H2>
<H2 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt" align=center><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes">Mercoledì 16
marzo 2011</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></H2>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; tab-stops: 324.0pt"
align=center><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">ore <SPAN
style="mso-no-proof: yes">15.00</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; tab-stops: 324.0pt"
align=center><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; tab-stops: 324.0pt"
align=center><U><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Scuola Normale
Superiore<o:p></o:p></SPAN></U></P>
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style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; tab-stops: 324.0pt"
align=center><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Pisa<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; tab-stops: 324.0pt"
align=center><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">(Sala
Stemmi)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center"
align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes"></SPAN></I></B> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center"
align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes">Michael
Neuberger<o:p></o:p></SPAN></I></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; tab-stops: 324.0pt"
align=center><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes">MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology<o:p></o:p></SPAN></I></P>
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style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; tab-stops: 324.0pt"
align=center><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></I></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; tab-stops: 324.0pt"
align=center><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Terrà un
seminario dal titolo:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 324.0pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoBodyTextIndent style="MARGIN: 0cm 45pt 0pt 0cm"
align=center><STRONG><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“</SPAN></I><SPAN
lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-SIZE: 28pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">The
Generation of Diversity in the Immune System</SPAN><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">”</SPAN></I><SPAN
lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></STRONG></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></I></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Abstract:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></I></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></I></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><FONT
size=3>Microbial infection has traditionally provided one of the greatest
threats to human survival. The immune system exists in order to combat
such infection, but micro-organisms themselves mutate and evolve to bypass
immunity. In order therefore to provide as broad a protection as possible,
the immune system must generate an enormous diversity of weaponry (antibodies)
to combat the vast array of micro-organisms. Recent work has revealed that
the immune system contains a specific mutator protein whose job is to
mutate the antibody genes themselves, allowing the generation of a vast array
(> 1 billion) of antibodies from only a small number of antibody genes.
This targeted mutation also allows the antibodies themselves to change
during the course of an infection, so that they adjust to the evolving pathogen.
I will review what we have recently learned about how about how antibody
diversity is generated through targeted mutation of DNA and consider how such
information can be useful in medicine and
biotechnology. <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></I></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-GB
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></I></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes">Tutti
gli interessati sono invitati a partecipare<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-no-proof: yes"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 247.8pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Classe di
Scienze<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial
size=2>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<BR>Valeria
Giuliani<BR>Scuola Normale Superiore<BR>Servizio Supporto Attività Didattiche -
Scienze<BR>Tel. 050-509260<BR>Fax. 050-509045<BR>Piazza dei Cavalieri,
7<BR>56126 Pisa<BR>E-Mail: <A
href="mailto:v.giuliani@sns.it">v.giuliani@sns.it</A> <BR>E-Mail: <A
href="mailto:segreteria.scienze@sns.it">segreteria.scienze@sns.it</A></FONT></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Le informazioni contenute nella presente e-mail e
nei relativi allegati possono essere riservate e sono, comunque, destinate
esclusivamente al destinatario in indirizzo.<BR>E’ vietata, pertanto, la
diffusione, distribuzione e/o copiatura di tali informazioni da parte di
qualsiasi soggetto diverso dal destinatario. <BR>Chiunque abbia ricevuto o letto
questa e-mail per errore o senza esserne legittimato è invitato a darne
immediatamente notizia al mittente tramite fax o e-mail e a
distruggerla.<BR>Grazie.</FONT></DIV>
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